Psychologist Carol Dweck proposed two thinking patterns: "growth mindset" and "fixed mindset". Research has found that children with a "growth mindset" — the belief that ability can change — perform better in learning and are more willing to try in the face of difficulties.
What is a growth mindset?
People with a fixed mindset think: "I'm just not cut out for maths; I was born unable to learn it well." People with a growth mindset believe: "I don't understand it yet, but as long as I work hard and use the right methods, I can learn it."
How parents can nurture it
First, praise effort rather than talent. Instead of saying "you're really smart", say "you worked really hard this time, and you finally did it". Let children know that results come from effort.
Second, turn "I can't do it yet" into "I'm still learning". When children say "I don't understand", parents can say "you're still learning, and you'll get it soon".
Third, model how you face difficulties yourself. Parents can share their own experiences of learning new things, letting children see that adults also run into things they do not understand, but keep trying.
Language to watch out for
Avoid saying "this is too hard, you're still young" — this makes children feel they are not capable enough. Instead, say "this is a bit difficult for you right now, let's take it slowly".